【作品简介】
《三台·清明应制》由万俟咏创作,被选入《宋词三百首》。这是一首咏清明节序的应制词。上阕写清明时暮春景,隐含朝廷恩泽普及百姓的微旨,如“好时代”四句,全是歌功颂德。中阕重点写自然的生机及民间的祥和。”下阕就寒食到清明景象分别写民间“试新妆”的喜气及官邸、宫廷传蜡烛“燃新火”的景况。全词语言、节律、意境都美。
【原文】
《三台·清明应制①》
作者:万俟咏
见梨花初带夜月,海棠半含朝雨。内苑春②、不禁过青门,御沟涨、潜通南浦。东风静、细柳垂金缕。望凤阙、非烟非雾。好时代、朝野多欢,遍九陌③、太平萧鼓。
乍莺儿百啭断续,燕子飞来飞去。近绿水、台榭映秋千,斗草聚、双双游女。饧香更④、酒冷踏青路。会暗识、夭桃朱户。向晚骤、宝马雕鞍,醉襟惹、乱花飞絮。
正轻寒轻暖漏永⑤,半阴半晴云暮。禁火天⑥、已是试新妆,岁华到、三分佳处。清明看、汉宫传蜡炬⑦,散翠烟、飞入槐府⑧。敛兵卫、阊阖门开,住传宣⑨、又还休务⑩。
【注释】
①三台:唐教坊曲名。应制:即应诏。
②内苑:皇宫花园。
③九陌:都城主路。
④饧(xíng):麦芽糖。
⑤漏永:夜漫长。
⑥禁火:古俗寒食日禁火三天。
⑦汉宫传蜡炬:唐韩翃《寒食》诗:“日暮汉宫传蜡烛,轻烟散入五侯家。”
⑧槐府:指贵人宅第。
⑨住传宣:停止传旨、宣官员上殿。
⑩休务:停止公务。
【翻译】
但见那梨花好像还带着昨夜的月色,海棠花半含着清晨的雨珠。皇家的园囿关不住盎然春色,春光已无拘无束地穿过城门来到郊野,御沟中绿水漾漾,暗暗流出,直达城外的津渡。东风微微,和煦闲静,垂柳细柔,好似千万条丝丝金缕。遥望皇宫凤阙,朦朦胧胧,非烟非雾。正逢太平盛世,朝野上下一片欢娱,京城里条条大路,到处是升平歌舞、箫笙锣鼓。
黄莺的鸣啭时断时续,一双双燕子飞来飞去。绿水倒映着岸边的楼阁和秋千,相映成趣。成双成对的游春女子欢快地斗草为戏。酒席被冷落在踏青的路边,麦芽糖的香气充满道路。饮酒的人们到了何处?大概是溜进了藏娇的门户。直到傍晚时分,才跨上宝马雕鞍,飞驰而去,一个个酒气熏熏,衣襟上沾满了乱花飞絮。
正当这不寒不暖的节令,夜漏还长;半阴半晴的天气,已渐黄昏日暮。在这禁火的寒食节,已是人们试穿新装,一年中最好的季节。到清明节那天,看宫室里传出蜡烛,翠烟缕缕,散入槐树大院、贵人府第。宫门大开,卫兵也撤了,停止传诏宣旨,官吏们也停止了公务。
【赏析】
全词用赋的笔法极力铺叙京城清明时的节序风光。上片写宫苑中的春景,同内及外;中片写郊外之游,具体描写莺歌燕舞各色人物游冶欢乐的情形;下片写贵族宅院中的喜庆景象,全词具有粉饰太平的倾向,但却客观上反映了北宋末期汴京清明时的繁盛热闹景象见梨花初带夜月,海棠半含朝雨。“梨花、海棠、夜月、朝雨”,色彩清丽,倒不梁宫廷富贵气息。春意由宫廷延向民间,既有野外春 意的宁静,又见宫殿建筑的巍峨,不失为一幅“春望”图卷。见梨花初带夜月,海棠半含朝雨。“梨花、海棠、夜月、朝雨”,色彩清丽,倒不梁宫廷富贵气息。春意由宫廷延向民间,既有野外春 意的宁静,又见宫殿建筑的巍峨,不失为一幅“春望”图卷。全词具有粉饰太平的倾向,但却客观上反映了北宋末期汴京清明时的繁盛热闹景象。绘景逼真,刻画生动,与张择端的名画《清明上河图》用不同的形式表现了北宋末期的虚假繁荣和风俗民情。全词平正和雅,工整自然,辞采清新熨贴,并没有庸俗的颂圣之辞。在应制词中不失为佳作。
【作者介绍】
万俟咏是北宋末南宋初词人。字雅言,自号词隐、大梁词隐。籍贯与生卒年均不详。哲宗元佑时已以诗赋见称于时。据王灼《碧鸡漫志》卷2记载:“元佑时诗赋老手”。但屡试不第,于是绝意仕进,纵情歌酒。自号“大梁词隐”。徽宗政和初年,召试补官,授大晟府制撰。绍兴五年(1135)补任下州文学。善工音律,能自度新声。词学柳永,存词27首。
万俟咏精通音律。他与周邦彦、田为、晁元礼等共同审定旧调,创造新词。其词审音辨律,造语典丽,每出一词,次日即盛传都下。所作内容不外颂扬“仁主祈祥为民,非事行春”(〔恋芳春慢〕),歌唱“太平无事,君臣宴乐,黎民欢醉”(〔醉蓬莱〕),正反映了北宋末年统治集团沉迷声色歌舞的昏庸腐朽。另有相当一部分词,如〔木兰花慢〕“恨莺花渐老”,〔武陵春〕“燕子飞来花在否”之类,即王灼所称“源流从柳氏(永)来”,而评其“病于无韵”)(《碧鸡漫志》卷二)。其实这一类词,也不乏佳作,如题作《雨》、《山驿》的两首。
【宋词英译】
WANQI (MUQI) Yong – Lyrics to the Three Terraces (Composed officially
for the day of Spring Equinox)
Early in the night over the pear blossoms rises the moon,
There stand cheery-apple trees half drenched in rain.
Spring of the royal gardens cannot refrain from crossing the blue gates,
In the moat the water swells flowing into the southern waterways.
Calm are easterlies, off willows hang golden strands,
The imperial palatial edifices in the distance stand clear of smoke or mist.
This is a affluent age with much joy in the court and throughout the empire,
On the nine crossroads resonate the drumming and flute play of peaceful times.
All of a sudden there burst intermittent warbles of orioles,
Overhead flit swallows all over.
By the green water I see reflections of the water pavilion and the swings overlap,
Games in the grass see pairs and pairs of playful ladies gather.
In the season of malt candies, sidelined are taverns along the excursion paths.
Quietly admired are glamorous peach blossoms growing out of red-door estates.
During the night that is becoming short, out go saddled stallions,
The collars of the inebriated return stained with fallen flowers and drifting petals.
On a night that is neither cold nor warm,
There are clouds in a sky that is neither fine nor overcast.
On a day that forbids the use of fire, they new powder and rouge try on,
The year has seen off a third of its time, coming to its best days.
On the day of the spring equinox, in the palace there shall be a relay of candles,
Light smoke shall scatter into aristocratic estates fronted with pagoda trees.
Guards have been stood down, wide open is the Gate of Heaven,
All summons are put on hold and all officers are on a break.
【词牌简介】
《三台》,词牌名之一。唐教坊曲名。宋李济翁《资暇录》:三台,今之啐酒三十拍促曲。啐,送酒声也。宋张表臣《珊瑚钩诗话》:乐部中有促拍催酒,谓之三台。沈括词,名《开元乐》。因结有“翠华满陌东风”句,名《翠华引》。